MRI uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed 3D images of organs, soft tissues, bones, and nerves. Ideal for detecting brain/spine abnormalities, tumors, ligament tears, and neurological disorders without radiation exposure.

Key Applications: Stroke evaluation, cancer staging, joint injuries.

CT scans use rotating X-ray tubes to capture cross-sectional body images. Modern multi-slice scanners (e.g., 64/128-slice) provide rapid, high-resolution visuals for trauma, cancer, and vascular emergencies. Low-dose options reduce radiation by 40%.

Key Applications: Lung nodule detection, internal bleeding, fracture assessment.

Real-time imaging using high-frequency sound waves. Doppler USG measures blood flow velocity. Safe for pregnancy, abdominal organs, thyroid, and musculoskeletal diagnostics.

Types: Transabdominal, transvaginal, 4D fetal.

Cardiac ultrasound assessing heart valves, chamber size, ejection fraction, and wall motion. Stress echo evaluates coronary artery disease. Color Doppler visualizes blood flow turbulence.

Continuous 24-72 hour ECG recording via portable device. Detects arrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation), silent ischemia, and syncope causes. Event monitors extend to 30 days.

Key Outputs: Heart rate variability, ST-segment changes.

Records electrical heart activity through 12 chest/limb electrodes. Diagnoses myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, and electrolyte imbalances. Resting vs. stress ECG variants.

Low-dose X-ray breast imaging. Digital mammograms detect microcalcifications/masses. 3D tomosynthesis reduces false positives by 40%. Recommended annually for women >40.

Screening vs Diagnostic: Screening for asymptomatic; diagnostic for lumps.

Replaces film with DR/CR sensors for instant high-res images. Applications: Orthopedic fractures, dental panoramics, chest X-rays. 70% lower radiation than analog.

Advanced Tech: Dual-energy subtraction for bone/soft tissue separation.

Measures lung volumes (spirometry), diffusion capacity (DLCO), and gas exchange. Diagnoses COPD, asthma, and restrictive diseases. Bronchodilator tests assess reversibility.

Key Metrics: FEV1/FVC ratio, TLC.

Flexible scope examination of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Detects ulcers, H. pylori, Barrett’s esophagus, and tumors. Biopsy-capable.

Prep: 6-hour fasting; sedation optional.

Visualizes colon/rectum to remove polyps, screen for cancer, and diagnose IBD. Requires bowel prep. Virtual colonoscopy (CT-based) alternative.

Surveillance Intervals: Every 10 years for average-risk adults >45.

Combines metabolic (FDG-PET) and anatomical (CT) imaging. Quantifies cancer cell activity via SUV values. Stages tumors, monitors therapy response.

EEG: Records brain electrical activity for epilepsy/seizures.
NCV: Measures nerve conduction speed (e.g., carpal tunnel).
EMG: Needle electrodes detect muscle denervation.

Measures auditory pathway electrical responses from ear to brainstem using scalp electrodes. Diagnoses hearing loss in infants, acoustic neuromas, and brainstem lesions.

Key Metrics: Wave I-V latencies, interpeak intervals.

Measures hearing thresholds (dB) across frequencies (Hz). Includes pure-tone, speech, and impedance audiometry. Diagnoses conductive/sensorineural loss.

Pediatric Options: Play audiometry for children.

Minimally invasive biopsy using 23-25G needle for lumps (thyroid, breast, lymph nodes). Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) available.

Accuracy: 90-95% for malignant lesions.

Robotic analyzers for 500+ tests: CBC, HbA1c, hormones (TSH, cortisol), tumor markers (PSA, CEA), and cultures. AI-driven quality control.

Non-invasive vascular imaging with IV contrast. Visualizes coronary arteries, cerebral vessels, and aortic aneurysms. Calcium scoring for CAD risk.